2023 Machine learning-based natural language processing to extract PD-L1 expression levels from clinical notes. Eric Lin†, Robert Zwolinski†, Julie Tsu-Yu Wu, Jennifer La, Sergey Goryachev, Linden Huhmann, Cenk Yildrim, David P. Tuck, Danne C. Elbers, Mary T. Brophy, Nhan V. Do‡, Nathanael R. Fillmore‡† Equal first authorship · ‡ Equal senior authorship Health Informatics Journal29(3), 14604582231198021 U.S. Veterans and VA Data Electronic Health Records Natural Language Processing Machine Learning PD-L1 Expression